New varieties grown from seed can be propagated vegetatively by planting tubers, pieces of tubers cut to include at least one or two eyes, or cuttings, a practice used in greenhouses for the production of healthy seed tubers. They have thin, tender skin (thankfully, because they'd be difficult to peel) and are fantastic roasted. Unless you're cooking for a crowd, don't get a 10 pound bag of yellow potatoes. Find the perfect Sweet Potato stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. [6] It has since spread around the world and become a staple crop in many countries. Potato delivery services include, McNeill, William H. "How the Potato Changed the World's History.". [111] Potato density assessment can be performed by floating them in brines. [7] However, lack of genetic diversity, due to the very limited number of varieties initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. Other major producers were India, Russia, Ukraine and the United States. [35] Potatoes that are good for making potato chips or potato crisps are sometimes called "chipping potatoes", which means they meet the basic requirements of similar varietal characteristics, being firm, fairly clean, and fairly well-shaped. 4. To be safe, it is best to not eat the green part of tubers." [30] Another relative native to this region, Solanum bulbocastanum, has been used to genetically engineer the potato to resist potato blight. In the UK, potatoes form part of the traditional staple, fish and chips. Red potatoes retain both their color and shape when cooked, although their hue can fade if … [17] The origin of the word spud has erroneously been attributed to an 18th-century activist group dedicated to keeping the potato out of Britain, calling itself The Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet (S.P.U.D.). They will work for most potato dishes. Russian Banana (waxy) This potato has a pale yellow skin with rich yellow flesh and a firm texture. Curing allows the skin to fully set and any wounds to heal. These are also known as all-purpose potatoes (featured above) and come in White Rose or Finnish yellow varieties. New potatoes may be cooked with mint and are often served with butter.[107]. If you want a sweet, buttery potato that you can mash, fry, bake or roast, pick up a few pounds of yellow potatoes the next time you go to the store. [113], The potato has been an essential crop in the Andes since the pre-Columbian Era. There are about 5,000 potato varieties worldwide. Their skin color is not an indication of the flesh color. The average quantity of all pesticide traces found in the 2,216 samples was 1.602 ppm. Commercial growers plant potatoes as a row crop using seed tubers, young plants or microtubers and may mound the entire row. The discovery of acrylamides in starchy foods in 2002 has led to international health concerns. In South Asia, the potato is a very popular traditional staple. Copenhagen, Denmark, 29 November −1 December 2006", "Organic Management of Late Blight of Potato and Tomato (Phytophthora infestans)", Soil Association Organic Standards for Producer, Version 16, January, 2009, "Links to forms permitting application of copper fungicide on the website of the Soil Association", "Metrics Used in EWG's Shopper's Guide to Pesticides Compiled from USDA and FDA Data", "Calories in Fresh Direct Gold Creamer Potato", "Potato storage and value Preservation: The Basics", "There's yet more gold in them thar "hills"! [13][14] The name originally referred to the sweet potato although the two plants are not closely related. These starchy potato types are fairly large and have an oval shape. However, it is used in northern China where rice is not easily grown, with a popular dish being 青椒土豆丝 (qīng jiāo tǔ dòu sī), made with green pepper, vinegar and thin slices of potato. She is most recently the co-author of The Kitchn Cookbook, to be published in October 2014 by Clarkson Potter. [11][12], The English word potato comes from Spanish patata (the name used in Spain). [80], Potatoes are usually cured after harvest to improve skin-set. [55] In the Altiplano, potatoes provided the principal energy source for the Inca civilization, its predecessors, and its Spanish successor. “They’re high in quercetin, a flavonoid with powerful anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Light exposure causes greening from chlorophyll synthesis, giving a visual clue as to which areas of the tuber may have become more toxic. [8][57], A raw potato is 79% water, 17% carbohydrates (88% is starch), 2% protein, and contains negligible fat (see table). In Chile's Chiloé Archipelago, potatoes are the main ingredient of many dishes, including milcaos, chapaleles, curanto and chochoca. A regional dish of Central New York, salt potatoes are bite-size new potatoes boiled in water saturated with salt then served with melted butter. At harvest time, gardeners usually dig up potatoes with a long-handled, three-prong "grape" (or graip), i.e., a spading fork, or a potato hook, which is similar to the graip but with tines at a 90° angle to the handle. C raw hard red winter wheat However, poisoning from cultivated potato varieties is very rare. [5][6][7] The wild Crop Wild Relatives Prebreeding project encourages the use of wild relatives in breeding programs. John Donald. The reason is in the skin color. The importance of the potato as a food source and culinary ingredient varies by region and is still changing. Aug 16, 2019 - Post food with a color in its name. There are two major subspecies of Solanum tuberosum: andigena, or Andean; and tuberosum, or Chilean. From russets, reds, yellows, whites, purples, fingerlings and petites, there are a variety of potato options to fuel the body and the brain throughout the day. Rose Finn Apple(waxy) This is an heirloom fingerling with a pink, often knobby skin with golden buttery yellow flesh. [64] Since then, breeders developing new varieties test for this, and sometimes have to discard an otherwise promising cultivar. Some of the more notable dishes include boiled potato as a base for several dishes or with ají-based sauces like in Papa a la Huancaína or ocopa, diced potato for its use in soups like in cau cau, or in Carapulca with dried potato (papa seca). Seed potato crops are rogued in some countries to eliminate diseased plants or those of a different variety from the seed crop. Great boiled for potato salad, or whizzed into a soup. They are ideal baking potatoes and are also good fried and mashed. Pub. In some preparation methods the potato won’t only cook, it will also turn brown: think fries, or chips (we’ve written a whole article about it!). During the second, photosynthesis begins as the plant develops leaves and branches above-ground and stolons develop from lower leaf axils on the below-ground stem. The Moche culture from Northern Peru made ceramics from the earth, water, and fire. Red Gold (all-purpose) These are medium sized tan and red skinned potatoes with golden flesh. This table shows the nutrient content of potatoes next to other major staple foods, each one measured in its respective raw state, even though staple foods are not commonly eaten raw and are usually sprouted or cooked before eating. [63] In a summary of several studies, the glycoalkaloid content was highest in the flowers and sprouts and lowest in the tuber flesh. Norland Red (all-purpose) Red skin and moist, creamy white flesh that holds up well when cooked. The potato is rarely eaten raw because raw potato starch is poorly digested by humans. It subsequently transferred over to a variety of digging tools. The result is a moist ball about the size of a baseball. [24], The International Potato Center, based in Lima, Peru, holds an ISO-accredited collection of potato germplasm. Chuño is a freeze-dried potato product traditionally made by Quechua and Aymara communities of Peru and Bolivia,[106] and is known in various countries of South America, including Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. Varieties that contain a slightly higher amylopectin content, which is a highly branched molecule, help the potato retain its shape after being boiled in water. Browning of a potato. [82], On the other hand, temperatures below 4 °C (39 °F) convert the starch in potatoes into sugar, which alters their taste and cooking qualities and leads to higher acrylamide levels in the cooked product, especially in deep-fried dishes. Potatoes are prepared in many ways: skin-on or peeled, whole or cut up, with seasonings or without. Insects that commonly transmit potato diseases or damage the plants include the Colorado potato beetle, the potato tuber moth, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), the potato aphid, beet leafhoppers, thrips, and mites. Got a tip, kitchen tour, or other story our readers should see? [15], The name spud for a potato comes from the digging of soil (or a hole) prior to the planting of potatoes. Commercial harvesting is typically done with large potato harvesters, which scoop up the plant and surrounding earth. Millet's technique for this work incorporated paste-like pigments thickly applied over a coarsely textured canvas. Sweet potatoes come in many different colors. All new potato varieties are grown from seeds, also called "true potato seed", "TPS" or "botanical seed" to distinguish it from seed tubers. Most potato dishes are served hot but some are first cooked, then served cold, notably potato salad and potato chips (crisps). In this respect, potato tuber tissue is similar to, Potatoes have been delivered with personalized messages as a novelty. Remember that potatoes fall into three basic categories: starchy, waxy, and those in-between which are referred to as all-purpose. Yellow potatoes. LaRette (waxy) These are little fingerling-shaped potatoes with a silky texture and a nutty flavor. [3] The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by indigenous peoples of the Americas independently in multiple locations,[4] but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species traced a single origin for potatoes. [29], Most modern potatoes grown in North America arrived through European settlement and not independently from the South American sources, although at least one wild potato species, Solanum fendleri, naturally ranges from Peru into Texas, where it is used in breeding for resistance to a nematode species that attacks cultivated potatoes. Poori in south India in particular in Tamil Nadu is almost always taken with smashed potato masal. pulling out the young tubers by hand while leaving the plant in place. The most complex designs use vine choppers and shakers, along with a blower system to separate the potatoes from the plant. Sweet potatoes originated in North America, first joining market shelves alongside the white potato as far back as the late 1600s. Such a potato also will have a bitter flavor. New Zealand farmers have demonstrated some of the best commercial yields in the world, ranging between 60 and 80 tonnes per hectare, some reporting yields of 88 tonnes potatoes per hectare. Anthocyanins mainly responsible for red or blue pigmentation in potato cultivars do not have nutritional significance, but are used for visual variety and consumer appeal. The food energy yield of potatoes – about 95 gigajoules per hectare (9.2 million kilocalories per acre) – is higher than that of maize (78 GJ/ha or 7.5×10^6 kcal/acre), rice (77 GJ/ha or 7.4×10^6 kcal/acre), wheat (31 GJ/ha or 3×10^6 kcal/acre), or soybeans (29 GJ/ha or 2.8×10^6 kcal/acre).[32]. [15] In many of the chronicles detailing agriculture and plants, no distinction is made between the two. Potatoes were introduced to Europe from the Americas in the second half of the 16th century by the Spanish. [27] More than 99 percent of all current varieties of potatoes currently grown are direct descendants of a subspecies that once grew in the lowlands of south-central Chile. The popular Hannah batata (sweet potato) has light tan skin and yellow flesh. Potato is the first plant that was launched and successfully grown inside the space shuttle in 1995. It is also occasionally seen in Korean and Thai cuisines. [18][14], Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm (24 in) high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. Vada pav is a popular vegetarian fast food dish in Mumbai and other regions in the Maharashtra in India. Purple potatoes (Solanum tuberosum spp.) Wound-response studies are often done on potato tuber tissue, as are electron transport experiments. It remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia, with China and India leading the world in overall production as of 2018. It has a dry texture, but holds its shape well, so it’s best baked and drizzled with butter or olive oil, or boiled/steamed for a potato salad. He deliberately chose coarse and ugly models, thinking that they would be natural and unspoiled in his finished work.[116]. Okinawa sweet potatoes, also known by their Japanese name, beni-imo, have unremarkable off-white or dusty purple skins, but once you slice into them, you're greeted by a rich and vibrant purple flesh rarely seen in nature. During the first phase, sprouts emerge from the seed potatoes and root growth begins. ", "International Year of the Potato: 2008, Asia and Oceania", "People are spending $14 to send message-bearing potatoes", "6 gifts you can anonymously send to your mortal enemies", "New company lets you send messages on potatoes", "Pembrokeshire Early Potato gets protected European status", Online Potato Pedigree Database for cultivated varieties, GMO Safety: Genetic engineering on potatoes, Solanum tuberosum (potato, papas): life cycle, tuber anatomy at GeoChemBio, Potato, in Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, List of top international rankings by country, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potato&oldid=1007386089, Crops originating from indigenous Americans, Articles with dead external links from May 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Quechua-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Potatoes are used to brew alcoholic beverages such as. [68], Potato growth can be divided into five phases. In sprouted and cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains (or other foods) may be different from the values in this table. [40] In 2010, potatoes were bioengineered specifically for these pigmentation traits. [12] Cooking at high temperatures—over 170 °C (338 °F)—partly destroys these compounds. Potatoes form one of the main ingredients in many soups such as the vichyssoise and Albanian potato and cabbage soup. The purple potato is loaded with antioxidants and disease-fighting phytonutrients that work together to offer amazing health benefits, such as reducing inflammation.. One of the elements within this powerful cocktail is the anthocyanin, which is what gives the potato its brilliant purple color and acts as a powerful … Gratin dauphinois, consisting of baked thinly sliced potatoes with cream or milk, and tartiflette, with Reblochon cheese, are also widespread. They belong to eight or nine species, depending on the taxonomic school. Normal potato tubers that have been grown and stored properly produce glycoalkaloids in amounts small enough to be negligible to human health, but if green sections of the plant (namely sprouts and skins) are exposed to light, the tuber can accumulate a high enough concentration of glycoalkaloids to affect human health. All Blue (all-purpose) This potato is truly blue both inside and out. The only requirement involves cooking to swell the starch granules. They belong to eight or nine species, depending on the taxonomic school. Invented in 1949, and marketed and sold commercially by Hasbro in 1952, Mr. There are close to 4,000 varieties of potato including common commercial varieties, each of which has specific agricultural or culinary attributes. Skin and flesh of this potato are purple, but they become blue after cooking. They don't keep as well as russet varieties, so just buy what you are able to use. Genetically modified varieties have met public resistance in the United States and in the European Union. White and Yellow Potatoes (All-Purpose) These round or oblong potatoes have a thin golden-colored skin, with a yellow or white flesh that is waxy in texture. G raw sweet potato Glycoalkaloid poisoning may cause headaches, diarrhea, cramps, and, in severe cases, coma and death. The Lenape variety was released in 1967 but was withdrawn in 1970 as it contained high levels of glycoalkaloids. [58] When a potato is baked, its contents of vitamin B6 and vitamin C decline notably, while there is little significant change in the amount of other nutrients. Following the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second half of the 16th century, part of the Columbian exchange. When baked, boiled, or roasted, Russet potato varieties become light and fluffy. [105] Tracing its origins to Quebec in the 1950s, it has become a widespread and popular dish throughout Canada. Y raw yam Using DNA, scientists hunt for the roots of the modern potato, "The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment", "Potato production in 2018; Region/World/Production Quantity/Crops from pick lists", "Nutrient contents of potato, baked, flesh and skin, without salt per 100 grams", List of what counts towards 5 A DAY portions of fruit and vegetables, J-Agric-Food-Chem. Tuber bulking occurs during the fourth phase, when the plant begins investing the majority of its resources in its newly formed tubers. Antioxidants make the spuds more nutritious and a diet rich in antioxidants helps to lower your risk of cancer. This page was last edited on 17 February 2021, at 21:30. French fries and often hash browns are commonly found in typical American fast-food burger "joints" and cafeterias. [86] United Kingdom was a close second. Hannah Sweet Potato (starchy) Very much like a Jewel potato, but with lighter skin and flesh. [42], Waxy potato varieties produce two main kinds of potato starch, amylose and amylopectin, the latter of which is most industrially useful. In France, the most notable potato dish is the Hachis Parmentier, named after Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, a French pharmacist, nutritionist, and agronomist who, in the late 18th century, was instrumental in the acceptance of the potato as an edible crop in the country. [28] Nonetheless, genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species affirms that all potato subspecies derive from a single origin in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme Northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex). Among American Jews, the practice of eating latkes (fried potato pancakes) is common during the festival of Hanukkah. H raw sorghum They are best baked, boiled, roasted or mashed gently. [34] In general, varieties are categorized into a few main groups based on common characteristics, such as russet potatoes (rough brown skin), red potatoes, white potatoes, yellow potatoes (also called Yukon potatoes) and purple potatoes. This heirloom fingerling has smooth skin and yellow flesh. Can be boiled for potato salads as well as roasted, mashed, baked. It is commonly eaten with salt and pepper or brown sugar. It keeps its color when cooked and is high in antioxidants. [60] In particular, consuming reheated or cooled potatoes that were previously cooked may yield a lower GI effect. Potato flakes are popular as an instant variety of mashed potatoes, which reconstitute into mashed potatoes by adding water, with butter or oil and salt to taste. Baked, mashed, fried, or shredded into potato pancakes. These have been exposed to too much light and have developed the toxin ‘solanine’ which can cause some nasty conditions like cramping, headaches, diarrhea, and fever. The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum, and the plant itself is a perennial in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.[2]. The texture is smooth and moist and the flavor is sweet and nutty. Average potato yields in developed economies ranges between 38 and 44 tonnes per hectare. There are about 5,000 potato varieties worldwide. Yukon Gold (all-purpose) Golden inside, rough brown skin. Russet (starchy) This is the potato most people have fixed in their minds as the classic potato. In 1845, a plant disease known as late blight, caused by the fungus-like oomycete Phytophthora infestans, spread rapidly through the poorer communities of western Ireland as well as parts of the Scottish Highlands, resulting in the crop failures that led to the Great Irish Famine. Timothy Johns: With bitter Herbs They Shall Eat it : Chemical ecology and the origins of human diet and medicine, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson 1990, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, "Potato – Definition of potato by Merriam-Webster", "Geographic distribution of wild potato species", "A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping", "Using DNA, scientists hunt for the roots of the modern potato", American Association for the Advancement of Science, "DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato", "Regulation of potato tuberization by daylength and gibberellins", "Consumer acceptance of genetically modified potatoes", "A genetically modified potato, not for eating, is stirring some opposition in Europe", "Molecular description and similarity relationships among native germplasm potatoes (, "ISO accreditation a world-first for CIP genebank", "Sequencing the Potato Genome: Outline and First Results to Come from the Elucidation of the Sequence of the World's Third Most Important Food Crop", "Using DNA, Scientists Hunt For The Roots Of The Modern Potato", "Welcome to the Crop Wild Relatives Prebreeding project", "Potato and tomato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans: An overview of pathology and resistance breeding", "Gene RB cloned from Solanum bulbocastanum confers broad spectrum resistance to potato late blight", "Saving the Potato in its Andean Birthplace", "Potatoes for Chipping Grades and Standards | Agricultural Marketing Service", "Retrospective View of North American Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Breeding in the 20th and 21st Centuries", "Genetically Engineered Organisms Public Issues Education Project/Am I eating GE potatoes? Ó Gráda, Cormac, Richard Paping, and Eric Vanhaute, eds. The Acadian poutine is a ball of grated and mashed potato, salted, sometimes filled with pork in the centre, and boiled. [16] Potatoes are occasionally referred to as Irish potatoes or white potatoes in the United States, to distinguish them from sweet potatoes. Like the Hannah, Okinawa sweet potatoes are denser than orange varieties. Bauernfrühstück (literally farmer's breakfast) is a warm German dish made from fried potatoes, eggs, ham and vegetables. Three thousand of them are found in the Andes alone, mainly in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Colombia. All-purpose potatoes have a less starch than starchy potatoes, but not so much that they completely fall apart when cooked. Because of their starch, they don’t hold together very well when cooked, but they are are fluffy and absorbent, perfect for butter on a baked potato or the oil in a fryer. Potatoes are also used for purposes other than eating by humans, for example: Peruvian cuisine naturally contains the potato as a primary ingredient in many dishes, as around 3,000 varieties of this tuber are grown there. Potatoes do not keep very well in storage and are vulnerable to moulds that feed on the stored tubers and quickly turn them rotten, whereas crops such as grain can be stored for several years with a low risk of rot. In the UK, game chips are a traditional accompaniment to roast gamebirds such as pheasant, grouse, partridge and quail. Next Up: French Fry Fans, J.R. Simplot Co.; Availability of Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status of Potato Genetically Engineered for Low Acrylamide Potential and Reduced Black Spot Bruise. Starchy potatoes are great for baking and frying. Apart from the 5,000 cultivated varieties, there are about 200 wild species and subspecies, many of which can be cross-bred with cultivated varieties. ... by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} vegetables: sweet potato isolated on white background - sweet potato stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. The potato was slow to be adopted by European farmers, but soon enough it became an important food staple and field crop that played a major role in the European 19th century population boom. A traditional Acadian dish from New Brunswick is known as poutine râpée. In general, the potatoes themselves are grown from the eyes of another potato and not from seed. The fifth phase is the maturation of the tubers: the plant canopy dies back, the tuber skins harden, and the sugars in the tubers convert to starches. Cepelinai is Lithuanian national dish. Commercial planting of 'Amflora' was expected in the Czech Republic and Germany in the spring of 2010, and Sweden and the Netherlands in subsequent years. There is usually a little pinkish ring right under the skin. Some are common varieties and available from farmers in many potato-growing regions. Russet potatoes (also called Idaho potatoes) are one of the most popular varieties of potatoes. Stevenson, W.R., Loria, R., Franc, G.D., and Weingartner, D.P. Tortilla de patatas (potato omelette) and patatas bravas (a dish of fried potatoes in a spicy tomato sauce) are near-universal constituent of Spanish tapas. Potato grading for Idaho potatoes is performed in which No. The potatoes have dark “russet skin” that can be anywhere from light brown to dark brown in color. Just peel the skins, shoots and any green color; that is where the solanines concentrate. Potato crop yields are determined by factors such as the crop breed, seed age and quality, crop management practices and the plant environment. For other uses, see, Plant species producing the tuber used as a staple food. It is crucial that the storage area is dark, ventilated well and, for long-term storage, maintained at temperatures near 4 °C (39 °F). Sweet potato skins can be in a range of colors such as pink, red, orange, creamy white, copper, and light tan. Today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. Breeders try to keep glycoalkaloid levels below 200 mg/kg (200 ppmw). Sweet potatoes come in lots of different shapes, colors, and sizes, and today, we're breaking down everything you need to know about the white sweet potato. Good ground preparation, harrowing, plowing, and rolling are always needed, along with a little grace from the weather and a good source of water. As of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice. [109] Aloo posto (a curry with potatoes and poppy seeds) is immensely popular in East India, especially Bengal. Potato skins, along with honey, are a folk remedy for burns in India. In Western Europe, especially in Belgium, sliced potatoes are fried to create frieten, the original French fried potatoes.
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