Individuals taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their vitamin D intakes and status with their healthcare providers. Nutrients 2019;11,2295; doi:10.3390/nu11102295. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Because vitamin D is fat soluble, its absorption depends on the gut’s ability to absorb dietary fat [4]. Updated: October 9, 2020 History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, How To Evaluate Health Information on the Internet, NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines on Vitamin D, Food labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts labels, Guidance for industry: Food labeling guide, Food labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts labels and serving sizes of foods that can reasonably be consumed at one eating occasion; dual-column labeling; updating, modifying, and establishing certain reference amounts customarily consumed; serving size for breath mints; and technical amendments; proposed extension of compliance dates, The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer, Percent reporting and mean amounts of selected vitamins and minerals food and beverages and dietary supplements by gender and age, in the United States, 2015-2016, Usual nutrient intake from foods and beverages, by gender and age, Vitamin D and calcium: A systematic review of health outcomes (update), Associated with vitamin D deficiency, which can lead to rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia in adults, Generally considered inadequate for bone and overall health in healthy individuals, Generally considered adequate for bone and overall health in healthy individuals, Linked to potential adverse effects, particularly at >150 nmol/L (>60 ng/mL), Trout (rainbow), farmed, cooked, 3 ounces, Mushrooms, white, raw, sliced, exposed to UV light, ½ cup, Milk, 2% milkfat, vitamin D fortified, 1 cup, Soy, almond, and oat milks, vitamin D fortified, various brands, 1 cup, Ready-to-eat cereal, fortified with 10% of the DV for vitamin D, 1 serving, Sardines (Atlantic), canned in oil, drained, 2 sardines, Tuna fish (light), canned in water, drained, 3 ounces, Beef, ground, 90% lean, broiled, 3 ounces. Vitamin D supplementation has no effect on insulin sensitivity or secretion in vitamin D-deficient, overweight or obese adults: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and increased risk of serrated polyps: Results from a randomised clinical trial. Fortified foods provide most of the vitamin D in American diets [1,22]. Clinical trials, however, do not support these findings. Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the incidence rate of myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, arrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, stroke, venous thrombosis, or death from CVD. Fast code, fast. [. Other dairy products made from milk, such as cheese and ice cream, are not usually fortified in the United States or Canada. [, Bouillon R. Comparative analysis of nutritional guidelines for vitamin D. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017;13:466-79. [, Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME. [. The emerging issue of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in foods. Nutrition 2015;31:421-9. [, Buckley LM, Leib ES, Cartularo KS, Vacek PM, Cooper SM. A one-year trial to assess the value of orlistat in the management of obesity. [, Peterson L, Zeng X, Caufield-Noll CP, Schweitzer MA, Magnuson TH, Steele KE. Steroids Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis and management. [, Robien K, Oppeneer SJ, Kelly JA, Hamilton-Reeves JM. However, the results did show an increased risk of pancreatic cancer with 25(OH)D levels of 100 nmol/L (40 ng/mL) or above [107]. In contrast to 25(OH)D, circulating 1,25(OH)2D is generally not a good indicator of vitamin D status because it has a short half-life measured in hours, and serum levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphate [1]. They also help reduce fracture rates in institutionalized older people. Eve Hill-Agnus, Aileen Jimenez, and Kathy Wise. [, Yetley EA. The VITAL trial found no association between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal adenomas or serrated polyps [103]. The results showed no association between 25(OH)D levels or vitamin D dose and the risk of falling in the 184 participants who completed the study. Buildings at Fair Park, Including Newly Redone Hall of State, Suffer Water Damage. No association between vitamin D supplementation and risk of colorectal adenomas or serrated polyps in a randomized trial. Roseland JM, Phillips KM, Patterson KY, Pehrsson PR, Taylor CL. Taken together, studies to date do not indicate that vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation reduces the incidence of cancer, but adequate or higher 25(OH)D levels might reduce cancer mortality rates. [, Jorde R, Grimnes G. Vitamin D: No cure for depression. Lancet 2014;383:1665-76. Taylor CL, Sempos CT, Davis CD, Brannon PM. Most of the studies described in this section measured serum 25(OH)D levels using various methods that were not standardized by comparing them to the best methods. People with conditions that limit fat absorption Many other countries around the world and some professional societies have somewhat different guidelines for vitamin D intakes [15]. Overall, clinical trials show that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce CVD risk, even for people with low 25(OH)D status (below 20 nmol/L [12 ng/mL]) at baseline [93,124]. Adherence to vitamin D intake guidelines in the United States. [, Zhou R, Wang M, Huang H, Li W, Hu Y, Wu T. Lower vitamin D status is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and risk of MS among women in the Finnish Maternity Cohort. Practitioner 1984;228:312-3. It added that no national professional organization recommends population screening for vitamin D deficiency. [. Metabolism 2016;65:586-97. Vitamin D status and weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled weight-loss trials. Both forms are well absorbed in the small intestine. D. symbol for. Vitamin D, calcium, and cancer: Approaching daylight? A reverse J-shaped association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular disease mortality: The CopD study. Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more have lower serum 25(OH)D levels than nonobese individuals. Plus: Cypress Waters Plans new $20 million office building; a Florida-based lighting company signs a lease at Brookhollow Industrial Park; and more. Some mushrooms available on the market have been treated with UV light to increase their levels of vitamin D2. Nutr Rev 2018;76:380-94. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1154-60. D, or d, is the fourth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The trials administered different amounts of vitamin D (ranging from 10 mcg [400 IU]/day to 1,000 mcg [40,000 IU]/week). Borel P, Caillaud D, Cano NJ. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21:S24-30. With the D Programming Language , write fast, read fast, and run fast. However, frequent use of tanning beds, which provide artificial UV radiation, can lead to 25(OH)D levels well above 375–500 nmol/L (150–200 ng/mL) [158-160]. Preventive Medicine 2013;57:753-64. After Suffering Storm Damage, These Dallas Nonprofits Are in Dire Need of Donations, WFAA Catches Gov. Ann Oncol 2019;30:733-43. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:1350-6. [. Obes Rev 2014;15:528-37. Consumption of human milk alone does not ordinarily enable infants to meet vitamin D requirements, because it provides less than 0.6 to 2.0 mcg/L (25 to 78 IU/L) [1,57,58]. [, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Vitamin D plays a role in glucose metabolism. For example, almost all of the U.S. milk supply is voluntarily fortified with about 3 mcg/cup (120 IU), usually in the form of vitamin D3 [23]. Pediatrics 2020;145:e20193574. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. About 2.3 million osteoporotic fractures occurred in the United States in 2015 [74]. For infants, the FNB committee developed AIs based on the amount of vitamin D that maintains serum 25(OH)D levels above 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L) and supports bone development. [, Rosen CJ, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, et al. [, Durup D, Jorgensen HL, Christensen J, Tjonnland A, Olsen A, Halkjaer J, et al. JAMA 2018;319:1600-12. Another recent systematic review also found that vitamin D and calcium supplements had no beneficial effects on fractures, falls, or bone mineral density [80,81]. Multiple sclerosis In the VITAL trial described above, 16,657 men and women 50 years of age and older with no history of depression and 1,696 with an increased risk of recurrent depression (that had not been medically treated for the past 2 years) were randomized to take 50 mcg (2,000 IU)/day vitamin D3 (with or without fish oil) or a placebo for a median of 5.3 years [135]. Osteoporosis is, in part, a long-term effect of calcium and/or vitamin D insufficiency, in contrast to rickets and osteomalacia, which result from vitamin D deficiency. However, a post hoc analysis showed a 62% lower incidence of diabetes among participants with low baseline serum 25(OH)D levels (less than 30 nmol/L [12 ng/mL]) who took the vitamin D supplement than among those who took the placebo [145,150]. [, Munger K, Hongell K, Aivo J, Soilu-Hanninen M, Surcel H-M, Ascherio A. [, Kassi E, Adamopoulos C, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. In addition, studies have not consistently shown that vitamin D supplementation tempers the signs and symptoms of active MS or reduces rates of relapse.
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