INTERNAL ANATOMY OF A BIRD. Most jawless fish are now extinct; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. Morphological synapomorphies: lacking. Conventional classification has living vertebrates as a subphylum grouped into eight classes based on traditional interpretations of gross anatomical and physiological traits. Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes. Publ; 1984. p. 640–70. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. Comment: Hexagrammidae as formerly defined is not monophyletic. Not examined: Anablepidae, Goodeidae, Profundulidae, Valenciidae (includes Aphanius; see comments). Possibly included: “Pantanodontidae” (see comments). Arratia G, Schultze HP. 2013; Edition 1. München: Verlag Dr. F. Pfeil; 2010. p. 247–74. In: MLJ S, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. Not examined: Eulophiidae [42, 344], Ptilichthyidae, Scytalinidae. Comment: monophyly of Carangiformes is not significantly rejected by the data [259]. Davesne D, Friedman M, Barriel V, Lecointre G, Janvier P, Gallut C, Otero O: Early fossils illuminate character evolution and interrelationships of Lampridiformes (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha). 2016. 1996;1:123–233. Google ScholarÂ. Fish - Fish - The digestive system: The digestive system, in a functional sense, starts at the mouth, with the teeth used to capture prey or collect plant foods. 2009;52(3):688–704. Acropomatidae (not monophyletic in Fig. PLoS One. New osteoglossomorphs (Teleostei) from the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary of North America and their phylogenetic significance. Mol Phylogenet Evol. Morphological synapomorphies: see H-C Lin and PA Hastings [285] (unnamed clade including gobiesocids and blennioids), VG Springer and TM Orrell [271]. Ostracoderms (shell-skinned) are armoured jawless fishes of the Paleozoic. Nat Commun. 2013;8(6):e65923. The evolution of the placenta drives a shift in sexual selection in livebearing fish. Sarcopterygian fish were also prominent, and one group, the Rhizodonts, reached very large size. Perm: Perm State University Press; 2001. We conclude that no current diagnosis based on morphological synapomorphies exists for this clade. Paxton concilians: A new genus and species of pseudamine apogonid (Teleostei: Percoidei) from western Australia: the sister group of the enigmatic Gymnapogon. Kottelat M. Conspectus Cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitoidei). Betancur-R R, Orti G. Molecular evidence for the monophyly of flatfishes (Carangimorpharia: Pleuronectiformes). Likewise, G-H Xu, K-Q Gao and JA Finarelli [129] used in their phylogenetic analyses the Cheirolepis as an outgroup, not as part of the ingroup, and their coding of Polypterus does not consider the homologization problems that polypteriforms versus other actinopterygians present, as highlighted by R Cloutier and G Arratia [122]. It is important to note that many studies addressing high-order relationships and delineation of major lineages of percomorphs based on morphological data were not based on explicit phylogenetic analyses, and hence relied mostly on authoritative summaries and synthesis of patterns of variation [55, 56]. Mol Phylogenet Evol. Britz R, Conway K, Ruber L. Miniatures, morphology and molecules: Paedocypris and its phylogenetic position (Teleostei, Cypriniformes). London: Taylor and Francis; 2001. 2012;2877:1–40. Lundberg JG, Sullivan JP, Rodiles-Hernández R, Hendrickson DA. Percalates is listed as a junior synonym of Macquaria by WN Eschmeyer [60], but the type species of Macquaria (M. australasica) is closely related to other species of Macquaria (M. ambigua) within Percichthyidae sensu stricto, thus both are valid genus names [P. Unmack pers. Order Spariformes Wainwright PC, Smith WL, Price SA, Tang KL, Sparks JS, Ferry LA, et al. Introduction to the Dipnoi the lungfish. Prior to this work, the most general classification in use had been proposed by LS Berg [7], from which the endings of modern orders (“-formes”) were retained. Formal description of a new family for Pantanodon is needed in compliance with the ICZN. PLoS One. Graus nigra Philippi, an omnivorous girellid, with comments on relationships of the Girellidae (Pisces: Perciformes). Flatfishes: Biology and Exploitation. Morphological synapomorphies: see C Patterson and DE Rosen [47], BG Jamieson [132], L Grande [133], A López-Arbarello [134]. Sparidae (includes the former Centracanthidae), Order Priacanthiformes, new circumscription (98%). [106]). Morphological synapomorphies: see PH Greenwood [319]. Tyler JC, O'Toole B, Winterbottom R. Phylogeny of the genera and families of zeiform fishes, with comments on their relationships with tetraodontiforms and caproids. 2003. We cite sources for morphological synapomorphies for clades we have found in the literature. Ricardo Betancur-R. R code (including newick file examples) used for grafting crown clades into the backbone tree. Whole genome sequencing of the Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus) provides insights into the evolution of ray-finned fishes. 2007;2007:1–34. Am Mus Novit. We here update the first version of that classification by incorporating the most recent phylogenetic results. J Mol Evol. Hexagrammidae (sensu stricto; following [345]), Infraorder Cottales (99%) (= Cottoidei sensu WL Smith and MS Busby [345]). The main justification for such nomenclatural change was that Smith and Craig’s phylogenetic analysis failed to resolve the monophyly of serranids (including epinephelines, anthiines and serranines); however, they did not conduct a topology test to ask whether this null hypothesis is rejected by their data. PubMed Central  Comments: although characifom monophyly has been elusive for most molecular studies (e.g., [72, 179, 189]), our recent phylogenomic study provides overwhelming support for the monophyly of the order [101]. Frogfishes of the world. See also EO Wiley and GD Johnson [57]. A review of the family Centropomidae (Pisces, Perciformes). Zootaxa. Phylogenetic analysis of molecular and morphological data highlights uncertainty in the relationships of fossil and living species of Elopomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei). Morphological synapomorphies: in looking for possible anatomical synapomorphies uniting flatfishes, billfishes, and carangids, AG Little, SC Lougheed and CD Moyes [257] found that most taxa share a relatively low number of vertebrae, have multiple dorsal pterygiophores inserting before the second neural spine, and lack supraneurals. Mitogenomic circumscription of a novel percomorph fish clade mainly comprising "Syngnathoidei" (Teleostei). Grande T, Borden WC, Smith WL. In: Arratia G, Schultze H-P, editors. 2005;34(2):157–75. 2001;20(2):275–85. He believed limbs and lungs may have evolved from the necessity of having to find new bodies of water as old waterholes dried up. Gene. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p. 355–404. Criteria for recognizing and naming clades, as in previous versions, include measures of support (bootstrap) and consistent resolution obtained by independent studies (indicated in each case). 2012;61(6):1001–27. Comment: the order Gobiesociformes is now recognized following EO Wiley and GD Johnson [57] (but excluding Callionymoidei) and JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42]. The phylogenetic criteria used by JS Nelson to update his classifications, however, have been based mostly on his personal views of the value of morphological evidence to define phylogenetic hypotheses [63], resulting in often poorly justified combinations of previous hypotheses in order to achieve a perceived “community consensus” view of phylogeny. Mesozoic Fishes —Systematics and Paleoecology. Their brains display accordingly a large array of morphologies and functional differences from one species to another. In: Moser H, Richards W, Cohen D, Fahay M, Kendell Jr A, Richardson S, editors. J Zool. Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes. 1983(3):777–87. Schultze H-P, Cumbaa SL. Analyses of complete mitochondrial genome sequences, starting in 1999, contributed extensively to reveal additional unanticipated affinities among lineages of fishes [67], resulting in more than 83 papers (e.g., [68,69,70,71,72]) reporting phylogenetic analyses of more than 1340 mitogenomic sequences between 1999 and 2014 (see also [73]). Gene. 2014;79:332–52. 2013;2013(60):1–15. This concept conflicts with the morphological hypothesis of GD Johnson and C Patterson [49] who grouped retropinnids with galaxiids and lepidogalaxiids. 1), Eupercaria is by far the largest series of percomorphs. Wang, Huaping (2010) Managing resources for high performance and low energy in general-purpose processors . [11] and JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42]. Nelson JS, Grande T, Wilson MVH. Parenti LR. Pietsch T, Orr J. Phylogenetic relationships of deep-sea anglerfishes of the suborder Ceratioidei (Teleostei: Lophiiformes) based on morphology. With approximately 28,872 species, teleost fishes constitute the dominant radiation of vertebrates on our planet [].One common explanation for this diversity is that a complete duplication of the entire genome [] facilitated teleost diversification.This event is also known as the fish specific genome duplication, or FSGD [].Many studies have corroborated the … The reptiles appeared from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period. Wiley EO, Fuiten AM, Doosey MH, Lohman BK, Merkes C, Azuma M. The caudal skeleton of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, from a phylogenetic perspective: a polyural interpretation of homologous structures. Morphological synapomorphies: see R Cloutier and P Ahlberg [348], H Dutel, JG Maisey, DR Schwimmer, P Janvier, M Herbin and G Clément [350] and G Arratia and HP Schultze [351] (extant taxa only). Interrelationships of fishes. Morphological synapomorphies: see JA Moore [53] and C Baldwin and GD Johnson [224]. Knudsen SW. The diagnosis provided by EO Wiley and GD Johnson [57], based on GD Johnson [235], includes families placed outside this clade in Fig. Comments: although Perciformes has been traditionally regarded as a “taxonomic waste basket” (e.g., [41, 42, 50, 51, 57,58,59]), the first version of this classification [8] proposed for the first time a monophyletic definition of the order based on robust molecular analyses. Chen WJ, Mayden RL. Gill arch and hyoid arch diversity and cypriniform phylogeny: Distributed integration of morphology and web-based tools. Although nodal support is low, this clade is often obtained in various large-scale studies. Thacker CE. The list of 104 unexamined families can be obtained from Additional file 4 (spreadsheet) that also contains the complete classification, and is intended as a resource to stimulate future phylogenetic studies. Whale shark is the largest fish and they can grow to 50 feet long. Fishes of the world. 2008;8(1):212. Seismosensory system and classification of scorpionfishes (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenodei). Morphological synapomorphies: Formal diagnosis of the present order is not established on synapomorphies. Comment: recent genomic evidence supports the sister-group relationship between lungfishes and tetrapods [352, 353]. 2013;8(2):e56485. Mol Phylogenet Evol. The shallow, warm, oxygen-depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes, surrounded by primitive plants, provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop essential characteristics such as well developed lungs and the ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time. 2002;49(1):1–74. A fundamental structural difference between vertebrae of teleost fishes and vertebrae of amniotes is the formation of mineralized rings within the notochord sheath, called the chordacentra. The jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth. Morphological synapomorphies: lacking for current circumscription, but see discussion in CE Thacker [241], and CE Thacker, TP Satoh, E Katayama, RC Harrington, RI Eytan and TJ Near [242]. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 1989. p. 325–36. Morphological synapomorphies: same as Clupei. Gene evolution and gene expression after whole genome duplication in fish: the PhyloFish database. 2013;110(31):12738–43. 2014;41(9):1806–18. Keywords: Pituitary gland, gonadotropin, breeding, spawning, teleost Introduction Fish pituitary The general organization and morphology of the pituitary gland has been described in a number of teleost fishes. Compared to individual duplicated genes, gene clusters attract particular attention considering their frequent associations with innovation and adaptation. J Biogeogr. Most of the ostracoderms, such as thelodonts, osteostracans, and galeaspids, were more closely related to the gnathostomes than to the surviving agnathans, known as cyclostomes. 1993;52:240–80. The anapsid and synapsid reptiles were common during the late Paleozoic, while the diapsids became dominant during the Mesozoic. Morphological synapomorphies: see PA Hastings [334], EO Wiley and GD Johnson [57] (but with a different circumscription; see comment below). Series Pelagiaria (= Stromateoidei sensu B Li, A Dettai, C Cruaud, A Couloux, M Desoutter-Meniger and G Lecointre [80]; = Pelagia sensu M Miya, M Friedman, TP Satoh, H Takeshima, T Sado, W Iwasaki, Y Yamanoue, M Nakatani, K Mabuchi, JG Inoue, et al. Friedman M. Osteology of †Heteronectes chaneti (Acanthomorpha, Pleuronectiformes), an Eocene stem flatfish, with a discussion of flatfish sister-group relationships. In: Arratia G, Schultze H-P, MVH W, editors. Best practices for justifying fossil calibrations. [40] The fins of lobe-finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk extending from the body. 2), Paralepididae (not monophyletic in Fig. 2015;82:131–45. It … download. Phylogeny and classification of the Cyprinodontidae revisited (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes): are Andean and Anatolian killifishes sister taxa? 2 (e.g., Istiophoridae). Vestiges, rudiments and fusion events: the zebrafish caudal fin endoskeleton in an evo-devo perspective. Morphological synapomorphies: see AS Harold [209]. Ark Zool. (DOCX 104 kb), Spreadsheet with the complete classification. The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, and the present day Holocene extinction, have also affected fish variety and fish stocks. The family Ichthyodectidae (literally "fish-biters") was a family of marine actinopterygian fish. A phylogeny of the families of fossil and extant tetraodontiform fishes (Acanthomorpha, Tetraodontiformes), Upper Cretaceous to recent. Morphological synapomorphies: same as Holocentrimorphaceae. Wertheimer, Eva (2010) Involvement of ion fluxes and cAMP pathways in sperm capacitation . Comments: endings for the rank Division have been changed to “-pterygii” (see comments under Acanthopterygii below). 2005;85:289–306. 2012;61(2):346–59. The flattened body is divided into pairs of segmented muscle blocks, seen as faint vertical lines. For that he has our deepest thanks. Burridge CP, Smolenski AJ. In: Schultze HP, Cloutier R, editors. 2013; Edition 1, Broughton RE, Betancur-R R, Li C, Arratia G, Orti G. Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution. Eel (order Anguilliformes), any of more than 800 species of teleost fishes characterized by elongate wormlike bodies. 1995;1:262–4. Copeia. Lily-like crinoids were abundant, and trilobites were still fairly common. Tyler JC: Osteology phylogeny and higher classification of the fishes of the order plectognathi tetraodontiformes. By the close of the Cretaceous, teleost fish had become the dominant fishes in both the oceans and in freshwater habitats. (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 7.13 on page 185. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHelfmanothers2009 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSarjeantHalstead (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFDonoghue2000 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFTurner1999 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAhlberg2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPatterson1987 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBenton2005 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFThe_Marshall_Illustrated_Encyclopedia_of_Dinosaurs_and_Prehistoric_Animals1999 (, Motani, R. (2000), Rulers of the Jurassic Seas, Scientific American vol.283, no. Diplophos is sister to all other gonostomatids in Fig. The family Lotidae is no longer recognized here because it is not monophyletic (see also [106]); the three genera (Brosme, Lota, and Molva) formerly in Lotidae are now included in Gadidae (see also JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42]). 2013;67(1):140–55. Nodal numbers indicate bootstrap support values (not available for Cypriniformes or Syngnatharia, but see [102] and [103], respectively). München: Verlag Dr. F. Pfeil; 2010. p. 123–82. A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of synbranchiform teleost fishes. Historical biogeography of a new antitropical clade of temperate freshwater fishes. The two most anterior pharyngeal arches are thought to have become the jaw itself and the hyoid arch, respectively. The Rhipidistians, whose ancestors probably lived in estuaries, migrated into freshwater habitats. Paläontol Z. Their "lung" is a modified swim bladder, which in most fish is used for buoyancy in swimming, but in the lungfish also absorbs oxygen and removes wastes. In: Malabarba LR, Reis RE, Vari RP, ZMS L, CAS L, editors. Morphological synapomorphies: lacking, but see H Imamura and K Odani [290] for a review of hypotheses of relationships of the five families in this order to other members of the former suborder Trachinoidei. J Comp Biol. 1976;29:1–81. Systematics, Zoogeography & Behavioral ecology. Correspondence to 2014;513(7517):233–6. A new species of Late Cretaceous osteoglossid (Teleostei) from the Oldman formation of Alberta, Canada, and its phylogenetic relationships. Are 100 enough? https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. However, they admitted: “there is little critical anatomical information on the Alepocephalidae, and any decision concerning their position must therefore be considered tentative… much more research is needed before the status of the Alepocephaloidei is understood.””. Dettai A, Lecointre G. New insights into the organization and evolution of vertebrate IRBP genes and utility of IRBP gene sequences for the phylogenetic study of the Acanthomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei). Comment: although not monophyletic herein, the monophyly of aulopiform suborders is supported by MP Davis [216]. 2008;154:494–610. Our results do not support the placement of Emmelichthyidae and Sciaenidae in Acanthuriformes. 2002;24(1):139–52. Notochord : During the embryonic development of a chordate there appears a sup-porting rod called the notochord. 2002;3383:1–43. Morphological synapomorphies: lacking, but see diagnosis by Smith and Near in [267]. Comments: this order is the sister group of Tetraodontiformes (45% bootstrap). Morphological synapomorphies: lacking (see comments). by J. S. Nelson, T. C. Grande & M. V. W. Wilson. 148–152 in N. Eldredge and S.M. Morphological synapomorphies: see DW Greenfield, R Winterbottom and BB Collette [233], EO Wiley and GD Johnson [57] (references therein). 2015;53(4):259–72. Darwin CR. Edmonton: University of Alberta; 1995. In addition to Osmeromorpha, JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42] classified a purported clade including most euteleosts, except for Lepidogalaxiiformes, Salmoniformes and Esociformes, in an unranked taxon named Zoroteleostei by MVH Wilson and RG Williams [204]. Ichthyol Res. Santini F, Harmon L, Carnevale G, Alfaro M. Did genome duplication drive the origin of teleosts? Palaeo Ichthyologica. Copeia. ; 317]. Many of the groups classified by JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42], however, are incongruent with our phylogeny and are thus not recognized. The Behaviour of Teleost Fishes D. L. G. Noakes (auth.) Twenty-three non-monophyletic families according to the framework phylogeny (Fig. 1981;2719:1–15. 2007;274(1609):489–98. The Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus) genome provides new insights into the evolution of an early lineage of teleosts. München: Verlag Dr. F. Pfeil; 1996. p. 261–72. The phylogenetic significance of colour patterns in marine teleost larvae. 2009;98(4):923–36. Nelson JS. Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes. [44], Ray-finned fishes are the dominant vertebrate group, containing half of all known vertebrate species. 1987;(Suppl. Bull Mar Sci. Mayden RL, Chen WJ. Comment: family-level groupings may require major revision; Pristigasteridae, Chirocentridae and Engraulidae are supported by other molecular studies, but not Clupeidae [170, 171]; five well-supported lineages may become new families [171]. Morphological synapomorphies: H Imamura, S Shirai and M Yabe [342]. Comments: Morphological support exists for the cohort Otomorpha, including only the subcohorts Clupei and Ostariophysi. Bull Amer Mus Natur Hist. A total of 72 orders (and 79 suborders) are recognized in this version, compared with 66 orders in version 1. Our results do not support the placement of these three or four families in Spariformes. [73] In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and the late Ordovician. Teleost fishes are the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates. Morphological synapomorphies: see PL Forey [156], GD Johnson and R Britz [157]. Comment: The families Girellidae, Microcanthidae and Scorpididae are herein recognized following several recent studies [321, 323,324,325,326,327]; these are listed as subfamilies of Kyphosidae in R Van Der Laan, WN Eschmeyer and R Fricke [62] and JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42]. Not examined: Chlopsidae, Cyematidae, Derichthyidae (including Colocongridae [158]), Heterenchelyidae, Monognathidae, Moringuidae, Myrocongridae, Nettastomatidae, Protanguillidae, Synaphobranchidae. The former Microdesmidae, Kraemeriidae, Ptereleotridae, and Schindleriidae are now synonymized with Gobiidae [241, 242]. 2004;51(3):202–12. Saitoh K, Miya M, Inoue JG, Ishiguro NB, Nishida M. Mitochondrial genomics of ostariophysan fishes: perspectives on phylogeny and biogeography. sensu DE Rosen [43] (= Stomiiformes sensu WL Fink and SH Weitzman [207]) (100%). Order Perciformes (= Serraniformes sensu B Li, A Dettai, C Cruaud, A Couloux, M Desoutter-Meniger and G Lecointre [80], and A-C Lautredou, H Motomura, C Gallut, C Ozouf-Costaz, C Cruaud, G Lecointre and A Dettai [328]) (93%). BMC Evol Biol. (1966), the prevailing hypothesis placed the Alepocephaliformes (with or without the Bathylaconidae) and the Clupeiformes (named Clupeoidei at this time) close to each other, within a larger group including other so-called “basal” or “primitive” teleosts, i.e., the “Isospondyli” (Berg, 1940; Bertin and Arambourg, 1958; Gosline, 1960; Marshall, 1966). London: Academic Press; 1973. p. 397–513. [97] The genus Eusthenopteron is known from several species that lived during the Late Devonian period, about 385 Ma. This book is about the behaviour of teleosts, a well-defined, highly successful, taxonomic group of vertebrate animals sharing a common body plan and forming the vast majority of living bony fishes. Morphological synapomorphies: WL Smith and MS Busby [345], H Imamura, S Shirai and M Yabe [342], Zaniolepididae (formerly a subfamily of Hexagrammidae [62, 345]), Infraorder Hexagrammales (100%) (= Hexagrammoidei in previous classifications). Taxon labels at the tips indicate family, species name, and specimen code (Family_Genus_species_Code). When the "Execute p1" button is clicked the javascript function p1 is executed. Arratia G. Remarkable teleostean fishes from the Late Jurassic of southern Germany and their phylogenetic relationships. Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Comment: Percophidae is herein placed in Notothenioidei following TJ Near, A Dornburg, RC Harrington, C Oliveira, TW Pietsch, CE Thacker, TP Satoh, E Katayama, PC Wainwright, JT Eastman, et al. BMC Evol Biol. A fish with limb-like fins that could take it onto land. In: Miller RC, editor. Comment: previous versions of this classification included Bembridae and Parabembridae in the suborder Bembroidei, which we now expand to also include Hoplichthyidae, Platycephalidae and Plectrogeniidae (previously listed as suborder-level incertae sedis in Perciformes) – a well-supported clade in our analysis (100% BS). The osteology and relationships of the anglerfish genus Tetrabrachium, with comments on lophiiform classification. In: Moser HG, Richards WJ, Cohen DM, Fahay MP, Kendell Jr AW, Richardson SL, editors. Cheimarrichthyidae (= Cheimarrhichthyidae). Supercohort Osteoglossomorpha Mol Phylogenet Evol. Pikaia shows the essential prerequisites for vertebrates. In: MLJ S, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. Earlier chordates used their gills for both respiration and feeding, whereas ostracoderms used their gills for respiration only. Comments: recognition of catfish families follows JP Sullivan, JG Lundberg and M Hardman [198] and JG Lundberg, JP Sullivan, R Rodiles-Hernández and DA Hendrickson [77], except for Ailiidae, Auchenoglanididae and Ritidae that are herein recognized following JS Nelson, T Grande and MVH Wilson [42], and Kryptoglanidae that follows R Britz, F Kakkassery and R Raghavan [199]. California Privacy Statement, Species of Fishes by family/subfamily. Shinohara G. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. Mol Phylogenet Evol. Google ScholarÂ. A third possible agnathid from the same region is Haikouella. Another monumental effort that synthesizes knowledge on systematic ichthyology is Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes [60], an authoritative reference for taxonomic fish names, featuring a searchable on-line database (http://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/catalog-of-fishes), with a print version published in 1998 [61] and a recent list of family-level names [62]. Comments: members of this group are mostly of freshwater origin and their geographic distribution is largely restricted to Africa and South East Asia (although some synbranchid species occur in Mexico and Central and South America). Some ranks below are thus redundant in content when only extant taxa are considered (e.g., Dipnomorpha, Ceratodontae and Ceratodontiformes). Division Paracanthopterygii [25] In 2012 researchers classified the conodonts in the phylum Chordata on the basis of their fins with fin rays, chevron-shaped muscles and notochord. Most species of Carboniferous marine fish have been described largely from teeth, fin spines and dermal ossicles, with smaller freshwater fish preserved whole. 2015;103(4):999–1025. Molecular systematics of the Cyprinoidea (Teleostei: Cypriniformes), the world's largest clade of freshwater fishes: further evidence from six nuclear genes. The ordinal status of 30 percomorph families included in this study, however, remains uncertain (incertae sedis in the series Carangaria, Ovalentaria, or Eupercaria). 2002;22(3):480–6. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p. 251–332. Morphological synapomorphies: see L Grande [167]. Comment: the order Lutjaniformes (Bleeker name) is herein resurrected for the clade including lutjanids and haemulids. Yamanoue Y, Miya M, Matsuura K, Katoh M, Sakai H, Nishida M. A new perspective on phylogeny and evolution of tetraodontiform fishes (Pisces: Acanthopterygii) based on whole mitochondrial genome sequences: basal ecological diversification? The Phylogeny of Atherinomorphs: Evolution of a Novel Fish Reproductive System. Carson: Forresta Institute for Ocean and Mountain Studies; 1993. p. 99–107. München: Verlag Dr. F. Pfeil; 2010. p. 251–68. Order Gobiesociformes (100%) (= Gobiesocoidei in EO Wiley and GD Johnson [57]). Aulopiform families listed follow MP Davis [216] and other recent sources (see below). Morphological synapomorphies: see M Akazaki [296], GD Johnson [50] and GD Johnson [297]. Mouth shape and tooth structure vary greatly in fishes, depending on the kind of food normally eaten. Mol Phylogenet Evol. Although ranks for these clades are not explicit in their classification scheme, the endings suggest that these are superfamilies. Morphological synapomorphies: see C Baldwin and GD Johnson [214], TP Satoh and T Nakabo [215], MP Davis [216].
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